Veterinary Treatment for Working Equines Edition 2

Author’s Note
Foreword
Introduction
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Glossary
1 Vital Signs and Normal Values
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Normal Temperature, Pulse and Respiration (TPR)
1.3 Collecting Blood Samples
1.4 Normal Haematological Values
1.5 Biochemical Parameters
1.6 Other Blood Tests
1.7 Urine Tests
1.8 Faeces Tests
2 Simple Diagnostic Tests
2.1 Passing a Nasogastric Tube
2.2 Glucose Absorption Test
2.3 Serum Amyloid A
2.4 Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Test
2.5 Cryptorchid or Rig Test
2.6 Water Deprivation Test
2.7 Vasopressin Challenge Test
2.8 Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test (ODST)
2.9 Schirmer Tear Test
2.10 Phenylephrine Equine Dysautonomia (Grass Sickness) Test
2.11 Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Agonist Test for Horner’s Syndrome
2.12 Tracheal Wash
2.13 Thoracis Ultrasonography
2.14 Bronchial Alveolar Lavage (BAL)
2.15 Peritoneal Tap
2.16 Blondheim Test for Myoglobin in Urine
2.17 Synovial and Tendon Sheath Fluid
2.18 Punch Biopsy
3 Behaviour and Restraint
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physiology
3.3 Effect of Husbandry on Behaviour
3.4 Age of the Horse and Its Ability to Learn
3.5 Stereotypies and Stable Vices
3.6 Classical Conditioning
3.7 Generalization
3.8 Trial and Error Learning
3.9 Habituation
3.10 Shaping
3.11 Punishment and Reward
3.12 Fundamental Rules in Handling
3.13 Loading Aids
3.14 The Barging Horse
3.15 Methods of Restraint
4 Veterinary Equipment
4.1 General
4.2 Equipment for Handling
4.3 Equipment for Diagnosis
4.4 Equipment for the Feet
4.5 Equipment for the Limbs
4.6 Equipment for the Eyes
4.7 Equipment for Dentistry and Sinoscopy
4.8 Equipment for Stitching
4.9 Equipment for the Reproductive System
4.10 Equipment for Post-mortem Examination
4.11 Specialist Equipment
5 Diagnostic Imaging
5.1 Ultrasonography
5.2 Radiography
6 Veterinary Medicines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antibiotics
6.3 Antifungal Agents
6.4 Antiprotozoal Agents
6.5 Anthelmintics
6.6 Ectoparasiticides
6.7 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
6.8 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
6.9 Miscellaneous Medicines Affecting the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
6.10 Therapeutic Iodine
6.11 Bisphosphonates
6.12 Injectable Equine Medicines to be Carried by the Equine Ambulatory Practitioner
6.13 Fluid Therapy
7 Vaccines
7.1 Surveillance
7.2 Notifiable Diseases in the UK
7.3 Introduction
7.4 Rabies
7.5 Encephalomyelitis
7.6 Tetanus
7.7 Influenza
7.8 Equine Herpes Virus (EHV)
7.9 Botulism
7.10 Ehrlichiosis
7.11 Viral Arteritis
7.12 Rotavirus
7.13 West Nile Virus
7.14 Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
7.15 African Horse Sickness
7.16 Strangles
8 Sedation, Analgesia, Field Anaesthesia and Euthanasia
8.1 General
8.2 Recognition of Pain
8.3 Outcomes from General Anaesthetics
8.4 Acetylpromazine Maleate (ACP)
8.5 Butorphanol Tartrate
8.6 Chloral Hydrate
8.7 Detomidine Hydrochloride
8.8 Diazepam
8.9 Etorphine Hydrochloride
8.10 Fentanyl
8.11 Glyceryl Guaiacolate (GG)
8.12 Ketamine
8.13 Morphine Sulfate
8.14 Pethidine Hydrochloride
8.15 Romifidine
8.16 Thiopentone Sodium
8.17 Xylazine
8.18 Agents for Euthanasia
9 Nutrition
9.1 Normal Feeding Patterns
9.2 The Role and Structure of the Equine Gut
9.3 Water
9.4 Energy Requirements
9.5 Protein Requirements
9.6 Fat Requirements
9.7 Vitamins
9.8 Minerals
9.9 Food Allergies
9.10 Consistency of the Diet
10 Dentistry
10.1 The Reasons for Equine Dentistry
10.2 Muscles of Mastication
10.3 The Temporo Mandibular Joint (TMJ)
10.4 Equine Dentition
10.5 Eruption Times of Equine Teeth
10.6 Prehension of Food
10.7 Oral Examination
10.8 Ageing the Horse by Its Teeth
10.9 Dental Problems Associated with the Incisors
10.10 Dental Problems Associated with the Canines
10.11 ‘Wolf ’ Teeth
10.12 Dental Problems Associated with the Cheek Teeth
10.13 Nerve Blocks
10.14 Cheek Tooth Extraction
10.15 Radiography of the Equine Head
11 Hoof Conditions and Problems within the Hoof Capsule
11.1 Hoof Balance
11.2 Puncture Wounds of the Foot
11.3 Thrush
11.4 Keratoma
11.5 Laminitis in the Horse and Pony
11.6 Laminitis in the Donkey
11.7 Treating the Lame Donkey as a Result of Infection in the Foot
11.8 Problems with the Navicular Bone
11.9 Fracture of the Third Phalanx
11.10 Pedal Osteitis
11.11 Bruised Sole
11.12 Problems with the Sidebones
11.13 Damage to the Wall of the Hoof
11.14 Proud Flesh Protruding through the Sole
12 Orthopaedics
12.1 Advances in Imaging of the Equine Distal Limb
12.2 Sedation and Pain Relief Used during the Diagnostic Procedure
12.3 Treating the Lame Horse
12.4 Fore Limb Lameness in the Donkey not Associated with the Foot
12.5 Hind Limb Lameness in the Donkey not Associated with the Foot
12.6 Fore Limb Lameness in the Horse not Associated with the Foot
12.7 Hind Limb Lameness in the Horse not Associated with the Foot
12.8 Back Problems
12.9 Neck Problems
12.10 Nerve Blocks
12.11 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome
13 Wounds
13.1 Principles of Wound Healing
13.2 Factors Affecting Wound Healing
13.3 Classification of Wounds
13.4 Advice for Owners of a Wounded Horse Awaiting Treatment
13.5 Veterinary Approach to Wound Management
13.6 Principles of Wound Management
13.7 Factors to Be Considered When Deciding on a Plan of Action
13.8 Primary Closure
13.9 Delayed Primary Closure
13.10 Secondary Closure
13.11 Healing by Secondary Intention
13.12 Selection of Suture Material
13.13 Selection of Suture Patterns
13.14 General Advice on Wounds
13.15 Wounds on the Donkey’s Leg
14 Respiratory, Cardiac and Circulatory Conditions
14.1 Examination for Respiratory Conditions
14.2 Preliminary Diagnosis of Respiratory Conditions
14.3 Infectious and Contagious Upper Airway Diseases
14.4 Non-contagious Upper Airway Diseases
14.5 Infectious and Contagious Lower Airway Diseases
14.6 Non-contagious Lower Airway Diseases
14.7 Cardiac Disease
14.8 Iliac Thrombosis
14.9 Thrombophlebitis
14.10 Other Circulatory Disorders
15 Gastroenteric Conditions
15.1 General
15.2 Vesticular Stomatitis
15.3 Choke
15.4 Colic
15.5 Diarrhoea
15.6 Diseases of the Rectum
15.7 Hepatic and Biliary Tract Diseases
15.8 Diseases of the Stomach
15.9 Grass Sickness
15.10 Umbilical Hernia
16 Neurological and Locomotory Conditions
16.1 Neurological Locations and Associated Signs
16.2 Approach to the Equine Neurological Case
16.3 Liver Disease
16.4 Hyperlipaemia
16.5 Neonatal Hypoxia
16.6 Cerebral Trauma
16.7 Bacterial Meningitis
16.8 Abscess in the CNS
16.9 Tetanus
16.10 Botulism
16.11 Equine Grass Sickness
16.12 Equine Herpes Virus 1
16.13 Toxic Neurological Conditions
16.14 Electrolyte Imbalance
16.15 Equine Motor Neurone Disease (EMND)
16.16 Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
16.17 Rabies
16.18 Cauda Equina Syndrome
16.19 Headshaking
17 Eye Conditions
17.1 Trauma to Structures Surrounding the Eye
17.2 Nerve Blocks Related to the Eye
17.3 Removal of the Eye
17.4 Orbital Tumours
17.5 Foreign Bodies
17.6 Conjunctivitis
17.7 Dacryocystitis
17.8 Corneal Ulceration
17.9 Iris Prolapse
17.10 Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis
17.11 Cataract
17.12 Recurrent Uveitis
17.13 Retinal Disease
18 Urinogenital Conditions
18.1 The Kidney
18.2 The Bladder
18.3 Polyuria (PU) and Polydipsia (PD)
18.4 Descent of the Testes
18.5 Normal Castration
18.6 Castration of the Rig
18.7 The Testes
18.8 Venereal (Sexually-transmitted) Diseases
18.9 The Accessory Sex Glands
18.10 The Penis and Prepuce
18.11 The Vulva and Vagina
18.12 The Cervix
18.13 The Uterus
18.14 Fertility Problems Associated with the Stallion
18.15 Pregnancy
18.16 Parturition
18.17 Postpartum Complications
18.18 The Newborn Foal
19 Poisons
19.1 Acorns
19.2 Algae
19.3 Amitraz
19.4 Arsenic
19.5 Avocado
19.6 Bracken
19.7 Cantharidin
19.8 Carbamates
19.9 Castor Bean
19.10 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
19.11 Copper
19.12 Cyanide
19.13 Deadly Nightshade
19.14 Ergot
19.15 Fluoride
19.16 Foxglove
19.17 Hemlock
19.18 Kalmia
19.19 Lantana
19.20 Laurel
19.21 Lead
19.22 Linseed
19.23 Lupin
19.24 Mare’s Tail
19.25 Mercury
19.26 Metaldehyde
19.27 Monensin
19.28 Mycotoxins
19.29 Nitrate
19.30 Oleander
19.31 Organophosphorus Compounds
19.32 Paraqua
19.33 Propylene Glycol
19.34 Ragwort
19.35 Rhododendron
19.36 Ryegrass
19.37 St John’s Wort
19.38 Selenium
19.39 Sodium Chlorate
19.40 Sweet Clover
19.41 Sycamore
19.42 Warfarin
19.43 Yew
20 Skin Conditions
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Aids to Diagnosis
20.3 Mange Mites
20.4 Lice
20.5 Ticks
20.6 Other Skin Parasites
20.7 Flying Insects
20.8 Urticarial Reaction
20.9 Eosinophilic Granulomata
20.10 Viral Skin Conditions
20.11 Bacterial Skin Conditions
20.12 Fungal Skin Conditions
20.13 Equine Sarcoid
20.14 Neoplastic Skin Conditions
20.15 Non-neoplastic Nodules
20.16 Cushing’s Disease
20.17 Autoimmune Skin Conditions
20.18 Photodermatitis
20.19 Pastern Dermatitis Syndrome
20.20 Conditions of Pigmentation
20.21 Hyperelastica Cutis
20.22 Cutaneous Agenesis
20.23 Congenital/Developmental Cystic Conditions of the Skin
20.24 Atopic Dermatitis
20.25 Alopecia Areata
20.26 Saddle Sores
20.27 Fistulous Withers
20.28 Poll Evil
20.29 Bird Damage
20.30 Snake Bite
20.31 Specific Problems with Donkeys
20.32 Skin Diseases in Horses Where Skin Disease Occurs as Part of a Wider Systemic Disorder
21 Harness and Tack
21.1 Halter and Headcollar
21.2 Bridle
21.3 Bit
21.4 Harness
Index

Graham R. Duncanson

Graham R. Duncanson is a farmer's son who qualified as a veterinary surgeon in 1966 at Bristol University. He spent eight years working in Kenya before returning to the UK, and has been a general practitioner in Norfolk ever since. He is a passionate traveller and has taught and worked throughout the world. He has completed a doctorate on an investigation of the difficulties faced by practitioner researchers in publication, and is a regular writer in veterinary journals and other publications. He is currently an Equine and Farm Animal Practitioner at Westover Veterinary Centre, UK.